Today is a good moment to give some thought to one of the worst remaining legacies of the Bush era, the prison where that administration’s grotesque offshore detention policies – the beatings, the torture, the works – were first put into play, the prison that has yet to go away. And as Karen Greenberg, the Executive Director of the Center on Law and Security at the New York University School of Law and the author of a striking new book, The Least Worst Place, Guantánamo’s First 100 Days, points out, it’s not, as you might expect, Guantánamo, but our grim prison at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan.
In a hopeful sign of change, the Obama Justice Department has just released nine previously undisclosed Bush-era Justice Department documents, the sorts of things you shouldn’t read by flashlight in the dark. Bush’s lawyers, we now know, wrote bushels of such legal documents indicating that their commander-in-chief could do just about anything in the arsenal of any two-bit tyrant. That included loosing the U.S. military on the United States. ("In one of the newly disclosed opinions, Justice Department appointee John Yoo argued that constitutional provisions ensuring free speech and barring warrantless searches could be disregarded by the president in wartime, allowing troops to storm a building if they suspected terrorists might be inside.")
It also included an assertion "that detainees could be transferred to countries known to commit human rights abuses so long as U.S. officials did not intentionally seek their torture." That’s a prescription that has much in common with the Justice Department’s infamous 2002 memo that offered this pretzled definition of torture: "must be equivalent in intensity to the pain accompanying serious physical injury, such as organ failure, impairment of bodily function, or even death" – and actually made the definition dependent on the supposed intent of the torturer. When it came to torture, what had to be proven, the authors of that memo wrote, was "specific intent to cause pain." As a theoretical matter, therefore, knowledge alone that a particular result is certain to occur does not constitute specific intent… if causing such harm is not his objective, [the putative torturer] lacks the requisite specific intent… A defendant is guilty of torture only if he acts with the express purpose of inflicting severe pain or suffering on a person within his custody or physical control… Where a defendant acts in good faith, he acts with an honest belief that he has not engaged in the proscribed conduct." Uh, sure.
Dan Froomkin, who writes the Washington Post’s White House Watch reviews the latest news on all of this with his usual acumen, including a claim by a former Bush administration lawyer in the Los Angeles Times that these newly released memos are but "the tip of the iceberg." (Oh, and let’s not forget this week’s news that the CIA purposely, and surely illegally, destroyed 92 videotapes of the interrogation of top al-Qaeda prisoners and who knows what else as part of a cover-up in late 2005 as Congress started to get interested in investigating.)
In her new book, Greenberg, a TomDispatch regular, who has spent these last years doggedly – and brilliantly – following the torture trail wherever it led, offers a revealing excavation of the early days of Bush detention policies as that administration was beginning to create its offshore Bermuda Triangle of injustice. It’s full of surprises. Now, she issues a challenge to the Obama administration, in this moment of possible change, to face the "missing prison" at Bagram Air Base and deal with it. Tom
Obama’s Guantánamo?
Bush’s Living Legacy at Bagram PrisonBy Karen J. Greenberg
Just when you think you’ve woken up from a bad dream…
When it comes to offshore injustice and secret prisons, especially our notorious but little known prison at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan, let’s hope the Obama years mean never having to complete that sentence.
In the Bush era, those of us who followed his administration’s torture, detention, and interrogation policies often felt like we were unwilling participants in a perverse game of hide-and-seek. Whenever one of us stumbled upon a startling new document, a horrific new practice, a dismal new prison environment, or yet another individual implicated in torture policy, the feeling of revelation would soon be superseded by a sneaking suspicion that we were once again looking in the wrong direction, that the Bush administration was playing a Machiavellian game of distraction with us.
Okay, call it paranoia – a state of mind well suited to the Age of Cheney – but when Abu Ghraib finally came to light, it turned out that our real focus should have been on the administration’s program of "extraordinary rendition" and the CIA secret flights to the foreign countries that were serving as proxy torturers for the United States. And when one case of torture by proxy, that of Maher Arar, achieved some prominence, we began looking at proxy torturers for the United States, when we should have been looking at legalized policies of torture by the U.S.
Several years ago, British human rights lawyer Clive Stafford Smith placed that jewel in the Bush administration’s offshore crown of injustice, Guantánamo, in the category of distraction as well – distraction, that is, from the far grimmer and more important American detention facility at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan.
Distracted or not, for at least five years some of us have been seeking the hidden outlines of the torture story. Now, President Obama has given it a visible shape by providing a potential endpoint if not to our investigations, then to our focus. Much of what we focused on in these last years he’s declared to be history. Guantánamo will be closed within a year and the American role in the war in Iraq will end as well; torture will once again be banned; a new task force, already assembled, will review all the Bush administration’s detention policies; and people like me will, assumedly, finally be out of work and able to write those novels we used to dream about. For us, no more unwelcome obsessions with detention, abuse, and torture.
Bad Times at Bagram
Still, ever since the Oval Office changed hands in January, I’ve had a nagging feeling that something was amiss. And when I finally focused on it, a single question kept coming to mind: Whatever happened to the U.S. prison at Bagram?
I knew that it had been opened in 2002 on an abandoned Soviet air base the U.S. had occupied and was being massively upgraded after the invasion of Afghanistan, and that its purpose was to hold prisoners in the Global War on Terror at a place as far removed as possible from the prying eyes of American courts or international oversight bodies of any sort. In fact, many of those eventually transported to Guantánamo were originally held under even worse conditions at Bagram and, from early on, they had reported beatings, abuse, and a startlingly wide range of other forms of mistreatment there.
But what else did I know? Thanks to New York Times reporters Carlotta Gall, David Rohde, Tim Golden, and Eric Schmitt, as well as to Alex Gibney’s documentary film Taxi to the Dark Side, I knew that two Afghans, Dilawar and Jullah Habibullah, had been beaten to death by U.S. Army interrogators at the prison in December 2002. I also knew that the use of such beatings, as well as various other forms of torture, had been normalized at Bagram at the very beginning of the Bush administration’s long march of pain that led to Guantánamo and then on to Abu Ghraib and other prisons in Iraq as well as foreign torture chambers.
From the 2004 Church Report (written by Naval Inspector General Admiral T. Church), I knew that military interrogators and guards at Bagram had been given next to no relevant training for the mission of detention and interrogation. I knew as well that a secret CIA prison was allegedly located apart from the regular detention cells at Bagram. I knew that military officials had declared that the interrogation techniques at Bagram seemed to work better than those being used at Guantánamo in the same period. And that, after the Supreme Court issued a decision in 2004 to allow prisoners at Guantánamo to challenge their detentions, the prison population at Bagram began to grow.
What We Don’t Know About a Prison Nightmare
But that was the past. What did I know about the situation in the first weeks of the Obama era?
The unnerving answer was precious little. So, as I had done with Guantánamo and Abu Ghraib, I began by asking the simple questions that had once been so difficult to answer about so many offshore detention facilities of the Bush era: Who was being held at Bagram? How many prisoners were there and from which countries? What status did they have? Were they currently classified as "enemy prisoners of war" or – in the phrase the Bush administration had so favored in an attempt to confound U.S. courts – "unlawful enemy combatants"? How were they being treated? What reports on prison conditions had either the U.S. government or interested non-governmental organizations released?
Setting aside the frustrations of the past seven years, I naively tried a basic Google search to see just what was instantly available, only to discover that the answer was essentially nothing.
It turns out that we can say very little with precision or confidence about that prison facility or even the exact number of prisoners there. News sources had often reported approximately 500-600 prisoners in custody at Bagram, but an accurate count is not available. A federal judge recently asked for "the number of detainees held at Bagram Air Base; the number of Bagram detainees who were captured outside Afghanistan; and the number of Bagram detainees who are Afghan citizens," but the information the Obama administration offered the court in response remains classified and redacted from the public record.
We don’t even know the exact size of the prison or much about the conditions there, although they have been described as more spartan and far cruder than Guantánamo’s in its worst days. The International Committee of the Red Cross has visited the prison, but it remains unclear whether they were able to inspect all of it. A confidential Red Cross report from 2008 supposedly highlighted overcrowding, the use of extreme isolation as a punishment technique, and various violations of the Geneva Convention.
We do know that a planned expansion of the facility is underway and will – if President Obama chooses to continue the Bush project there – enable up to 1,100 prisoners to be held (a step which will grimly complement the "surge" in American troops now underway in Afghanistan). There are no figures available on how long most of Bagram’s prisoners have been held – although some, it seems, have been imprisoned without charges or recourse for years – or how legal processes are being applied there, if at all. Last spring, the International Herald Tribune reported that Afghans from Bagram were sometimes tried in Afghan criminal proceedings where little evidence and no witnesses were presented.
To students of Guantánamo, this sounds uncomfortably familiar. And there’s more that’s eerily reminiscent of Gitmo’s bleak history. According to the New York Times, even four years after Bagram was established, wire cages were being used as cells, with buckets for toilets – as was also true of the original conditions at Camp X-Ray, the first holding facility at Guantánamo. Similarly, as with Guantánamo, the U.S. has no status of forces agreement with Afghanistan, and so the base and prison can be closed or turned over to the Afghans only on U.S. say-so. Above all, while some Bagram detainees do have lawyers, most do not.
The Prison Where It All Began
While I was wondering about the state of our black hole of incarceration in Afghanistan, the Obama administration issued its first terse statement on the subject. When it came to granting Bagram detainees habeas rights (that is, the right to challenge their detention in U.S. courts), the administration simply stated that it "adheres to [the Justice Department’s] previously articulated position": habeas would not be granted.
After all, reasoned the new government lawyers (like their predecessors), Bagram is in an indisputable war zone and different legal considerations should apply. But here’s the catch neither the Bush administration, nor evidently the Obama administration, has cared to consider: It’s quite possible that these four individuals, like others at Bagram, were not captured on an Afghan battlefield (as the prisoners claim), but elsewhere on what Bush officials liked to think of as the "global battlefield" of the War on Terror, and then conveniently transported to Bagram to be held indefinitely.
The U.S. government refuses to make public any documentation that would support its case and the new court documents, submitted by the lawyers of the Obama Justice Department, are frustratingly blacked out just as those of the Bush era Justice Department always were. At least for the moment then, when it comes to Bagram, tactics and arguments remain unchanged from the Bush years. No wonder journalists and human rights lawyers have lately taken to referring to that prison as the "other Guantánamo," or "Guantánamo II," or more combatively, "Obama’s Guantánamo."
Sadly, however, even this is inaccurate. From the get-go, Guantánamo was actually the "other Bagram." The obvious question now is: How will the Obama administration deal with this facility and, in particular, with matters of detention, "enforced disappearance," and coerced testimony? Will these be allowed to continue into the future, Bush-style, or will the Obama administration extend its first executive orders on Guantánamo and torture practices to deal in new ways with the prison where it all began?
Facing Crimes of the Bush Era
President Obama has given a newly convened task force six months – a long time when people are being held in harsh conditions without charges or recourse – to consider the matter of Bush administration detention practices and formulate new policies (or, of course, retain old ones). Here are some guidelines that may prove helpful when it comes to Bagram:
1. On secrecy: The appeal to secrecy and national security has been an all-purpose refuge of official rogues for the last seven years. Reconsider it. A sunshine policy should apply, above all else, to detention practices. Ideally, the U.S. should simply release full information on Bagram and the prisoners being held there. When, in specific cases, information is not divulged, the reasons for not doing so should be fully revealed. Otherwise, the suspicion will always arise that such withheld information might be part of a cover-up of government incompetence or illegality. That must be ruled out. It is imperative that President Obama’s administration not double down on the Bush administration’s secrecy policy from a desire not to look back and so to avoid future prosecutions of Bush officials.
2. On classification of prisoners: The Obama administration should seriously consider declaring the prisoners at Bagram to be "prisoners of war," and so subject to the Geneva Conventions. Currently, they are classified as enemy combatants, as are the prisoners at Guantánamo, and so, in the perverse universe of the Bush administration, free from any of the constraints of international law. The idea that the Conventions are too "rigid" for our moment and need to be put aside for this new extra-legal category has always been false and pernicious, primarily paving the way for the use of "enhanced interrogation techniques."
3. On "ghost prisoners": The Obama administration should reject out of hand the idea that prisoner invisibility is acceptable anywhere, including at Bagram. The International Committee of the Red Cross must be granted access to all of the prisons or prison areas at Bagram, while conditions of detention there should be brought into accordance with humane treatment and standards. No "ghost prisoners" should be allowed to exist there.
4. On guilt and innocence: The belief that there is a categorical difference between guilt and innocence, which went by the wayside in the last seven years, must be restored. All too often, the military brass still assumes that if you were rounded up by U.S. forces, you are, by definition, guilty. It’s time to change this attitude and return to legal standards of guilt.
In the Bush years, we taught the world a series of harmful lessons: Americans can be as cruel as others. Americans can turn their backs on law and reciprocity among nations as efficiently as any tribally organized dictatorship. Americans, relying on fear and the human impulse toward vengeance, can dehumanize other human beings with a fervor equal to that of others on this planet.
It’s time for a change. It’s time, in fact, to face the first and last legacy of Bush detention era, our prison at Bagram Air Base, and deal with it.
Call me a perpetual optimist, but President Obama has the right team in place to address this nightmarish legacy in a wise and timely way. We should expect no less from them than a full restoration of a government responsible to the law, and confident of its power to deter enemies legally – be it on the battlefield or in the courtroom. So, too, we must expect them to possess the courage to confront truths, even if those truths mean heading down the path towards the prosecution of crimes of the Bush years.
Karen J. Greenberg is the Executive Director of the Center on Law and Security at the New York University School of Law. Her latest book, The Least Worst Place, Guantánamo’s First 100 Days (Oxford University Press), has just been published. She is also the co-editor of The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib, among other works
Copyright 2009 Karen J. Greenberg
