A fascinating debate is entering Israel’s political mainstream on a once-taboo subject: the establishment of a single state as a resolution of the conflict, one in which Jews and Palestinians might potentially live as equal citizens. Surprisingly, those advocating such a solution are to be found chiefly on Israel’s political Right.
The debate, which challenges the current orthodoxy of a two-state future, is rapidly exploding traditional conceptions about the Zionist Right and Left.
Most observers – including a series of U.S. administrations – have supposed that Israel’s peace-makers are to be found exclusively on the Zionist Left, with the Right dismissed as incorrigible opponents of Palestinian rights.
In keeping with this assumption, U.S. President Barack Obama tried until recently to sideline Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel’s right-wing prime minister, and bolster instead Ehud Barak, the defense minister from the left-wing Labor Party, and opposition leader Tzipi Livni of the centrist Kadima Party.
But, as the Israeli Right often points out, the supposedly “pro-peace” left and center parties have a long and ignominious record in power of failing to advance Palestinian statehood, including during the Oslo process. The settler population, for example, grew the fastest during the short premiership of Barak a decade ago.
What the new one-state debate reveals is that, while some on the Right – and even among the settlers – are showing that they are now open to the idea of sharing a state with the Palestinians, the Left continues to adamantly oppose such an outcome.
In a supplement of Israel’s liberal Ha’aretz newspaper last weekend largely dedicated to the issue, Yossi Beilin, a former leader of the ultra-dovish Meretz Party and an architect of Oslo, spoke for the Zionist Left in calling a one-state solution “nonsense.” He added dismissively: “I’m not interested in living in a state that isn’t Jewish.”
The Israeli Left still hangs on resolutely to the goal it has espoused since Barak attended the failed Camp David talks in 2000: the annexation to Israel of most of the settlements in the West Bank and all of those in East Jerusalem. The consensus on the Left is that the separation wall, Barak’s brainchild, will ensure that almost all the half million settlers stay put while an embittered Palestinian population is corralled into a series of ghettoes misleadingly called a Palestinian state. The purpose of this separation, says the Left, is to protect Israel’s Jewishness from the encroaching Palestinian majority if the territory is not partitioned.
The problem with the Left’s solution has been summed up by Tzipi Hotoveley, a senior Likud legislator who recently declared her support for a single state. “There is a moral failure here [by the Left]. … The result is a solution that perpetuates the conflict and turns us from occupiers into perpetrators of massacres, to put it bluntly. It’s the Left that made us a crueler nation and also put our security at risk.”
The Right is beginning to understand that separation requires not just abandoning dreams of Greater Israel but making Gaza the template for the West Bank. Excluded and besieged, the Palestinians will have to be “pacified” through regular military assaults like the one on Gaza in winter 2008 that brought international opprobrium on Israel’s head. Some on the Right believe Israel will not survive long causing such outrages.
But if the Right is rethinking its historic positions, the Left is still wedded to its traditional advocacy of ethnic separation and wall-building.
It was the pre-state ideologues of Labor Zionism who first argued for segregation under the slogans “Hebrew labor” and “redemption of the land” and then adopted the policy of transfer. It was the Labor founders of the Jewish state who carried out the almost wholesale expulsion of the Palestinians under cover of the 1948 war.
For the Right, on the other hand, the creation of a “pure” Jewish territory has never been a holy grail. Early on, it resigned itself to sharing the land. The much-misunderstood “iron wall” doctrine of Vladimir Jabotinsky, Likud’s intellectual father, was actually presented as an alternative to Labor Zionism’s policies of segregation and expulsion. He expected to live with the Palestinians, but preferred that they be cowed into submission with an iron wall of force.
Jabotinsky’s successors are grappling with the same dilemmas. Most, like Netanyahu, still believe Israel has time to expand Israeli control by buying the Palestinians off with such scraps as fewer checkpoints and minor economic incentives. But a growing number of Likud leaders are admitting that the Palestinians will not accept this model of apartheid forever.
Foremost among them is Moshe Arens, a former defense minister and Likud guru, who wrote recently that the idea of giving citizenship to many Palestinians under occupation “merits serious consideration.” Reuven Rivlin, the parliament’s speaker, has conceded that “the lesser evil is a single state in which there are equal rights for all citizens.”
We should not romanticize these Likud converts. They are not speaking of the “state of all its citizens” demanded by Israel’s tiny group of Jewish non-Zionists. Most would require that Palestinians accept life in a state dominated by Jews. Arens, for example, wants to exclude the 1.5 million Palestinians of Gaza from citizenship to gerrymander his Jewish-majority state for a few more decades. None seems to be considering including a right of return for the millions of Palestinian refugees. And almost all of them would expect citizenship to be conditional on loyalty, recreating for new Palestinian citizens the same problematic relationship to a Jewish state endured by the current Palestinian minority inside Israel.
Nonetheless, the Right is showing that it may be more willing to redefine its paradigms than the Zionist Left. And in the end it may confound Washington by proving more capable of peace-making than the architects of Oslo.
A version of this article originally appeared in The National, published in Abu Dhabi.
