The present U.S. policy in Afghanistan of using air strikes to target local Taliban leaders was rejected by the top U.S. commander in Afghanistan in early 2004 as certain to turn the broader population against the U.S. presence.
Lt. Gen. David Barno, the three-star general who commanded the Combined Forces Command-Afghanistan, the overall U.S. and coalition command for Afghanistan from October 2003 to mid-2005, recalled in an interview that he had ordered that such air strikes be halted in Afghanistan in early 2004. He said the decision did not prohibit air strikes for close support of U.S. troops in contact with the Taliban.
Gen. Barno, now retired from the Army and director of the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies at the National Defense University, said he decided to stop the use of pre-targeted air strikes in early 2004 because the civilian casualties they caused were eroding the tolerance of the Afghan population for the U.S. military presence in the country.
"I felt that civilian casualties were strategically decoupling us from our objective," said Barno. "It caused blowback that undermined our cause."
But Barno said he had viewed the Afghan population’s willingness to accept U.S. troops in the country as a "bag of capital," which U.S. forces were "spending too rapidly every time we caused civilian casualties with airpower or knocked down doors or detained someone in front of their family."
After Barno left Afghanistan in 2005, air strikes aimed at killing local Taliban or al-Qaeda leaders resumed, and air strikes have come to be used routinely in military encounters with Taliban troops. The same tactic has also been used to target local al-Qaeda leaders in northwest Pakistan.
U.S. planes flew just 86 bombing missions in Afghanistan in all of 2004, but in 2007, the number of such air strikes had risen to nearly 3,000, according to U.S. Air Forces Central Command figures.
The exponential rise in bombing continued in 2008. In the two months of June and July 2008 alone, the United States dropped nearly 600,000 pounds of bombs in Afghanistan – roughly equivalent to the total tonnage dropped in all of 2006 – according to statistics collected by Marc Gerlasco of Human Rights Watch.
U.S. air strikes have generated a rapidly rising rate of civilian casualties, creating a political climate marked by increased anger toward the U.S. and NATO military presence, according to many Afghan and foreign observers.
The worst case of civilian casualties was the killing by a C-130 gunship of as many as 95 civilians, including 50 children and 19 women, according to local tribal elders and Afghan government officials, in the village of Azizabad in Herat province Aug. 22. The air attack came after U.S. Special Forces had gotten intelligence that a Taliban commander was in Azizabad and had been unable to suppress it.
That incident followed two different air strikes in eastern Afghanistan in early July, in which 69 civilians were killed, including 47 people walking to a wedding party, according to Afghan officials.
Barno’s successors have justified the vastly increased use of air strikes as necessary because of the small number of ground combat troops available in Afghanistan. In May 2007, a U.S. military official told Carlotta Gall of the New York Times, "[W]ithout air, we’d need hundreds of thousands of troops."
One of the key considerations in convincing him to stop the use of pre-targeted air strikes, Barno recalled, was the tribal nature of Afghan society. "Whenever you cause civilian casualties, you are killing members of a tribe and spreading a widening circle of revenge-seeking."
Barno said that in his view, the use of airpower was not an effective means of weakening the Taliban political-military organization in any case. The intelligence on Taliban targets, he said, "often turned out to be flat wrong."
The unreliability of human intelligence on Taliban targets was underlined by the killing of 95 civilians in Azizabad. Carlotta Gall of the New York Times reported that tribal elders who had buried the dead said the U.S. had gotten its intelligence on the target from a tribesman who had killed a rival tribal leader in Azizabad eight months earlier. Most of the civilians killed had traveled to Azizabad for a memorial ceremony to honor the dead tribal leader, according to Gall’s story.
The tribal elders, as well as Afghan police and intelligence agency, said that not a single Taliban had been killed in the air strike.
Barno pointed out that even if local leaders had been killed in air strikes, it might not have significantly reduced the Taliban’s capabilities. The Taliban organization was "like a starfish, not like a spider," Barno said. "Even if you killed the leadership – except for the very top guys – they would be quickly replaced."
"During my tenure, I was very concerned that if killing local Taliban leaders with air strikes produced civilian casualties, the tactical benefit would not offset the strategic damage it did to our cause," said Barno.
Although Barno said he believes the same principle would probably still apply in the present situation of dramatically increased Taliban strength, he refused to "second guess" U.S. commanders who have adopted a different policy.
Barno believes, however, that U.S. and NATO forces should focus more clearly upon protecting the Afghan population, which he characterized as the "center of gravity" of the effort. In an article in Military Review last fall, Barno observed that NATO and U.S. military tactics "seem to convey the belief that the center of gravity is no longer the Afghan population and their security but the enemy."
Those changes from his strategic approach, he wrote, "in all likelihood do not augur well for the future of our policy goals in Afghanistan."
The retired three-star general said he supports an increase in troops in Afghanistan. But he acknowledged that more troops may not bring about major reductions in air strikes, at least in the near term. "When you’ve got that tool in the tool box," said Barno, "there is a tendency to use it, even though at times it may put your strategic interest at risk."
According to John Burns, writing in Sunday’s New York Times, senior U.S. and British officers in Kabul briefed reporters last week on a new directive from the top U.S. commander, Gen. David McKiernan, to field commanders applying the more restrictive NATO policy on air strikes previously to U.S. forces under his command. The NATO policy imposes tighter conditions on air strikes but does not rule out either pre-targeted or tactical combat air strikes.
The U.S. and British officers acknowledged that the directive would not apply to American Special Operations forces in Afghanistan, which are not under McKiernan’s command. As Carlotta Gall reported in May 2003 on an earlier incident in the same district, many of the worst cases of civilian deaths from pre-targeted strikes involved Special Operations forces.
Even as the briefing on the new directive was taking place, according to Burns, yet another U.S. air strike, this time in Helmand Province, killed larger numbers of civilians. The air strike destroyed three houses, killing between 25 and 30 civilians, mostly women and children, according to Afghan accounts reported by Burns. The NATO command confirmed the strike and said it would investigate.
(Inter Press Service)
